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The Mesopotamian campaign, often overshadowed by Gallipoli and the Western Front, marked a turning point for both empires. For Britain, it was a catastrophic failure, while the Ottomans capitalized on familiar ground, showcasing their strategic prowess.
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As the Iran-Iraq War dragged on into the sea, America’s dual policies fueled suspicion and hostility, setting the stage for the enduring tensions that would define U.S.-Iran relations for decades.