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The Unfinished Project of Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School’s Critical Theory in Weimar’s Twilight
Abstract: This article examines the emergence of the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research (1923-1933) as the most sophisticated theoretical response to the crises of Weimar Germany, arguing that the early Frankfurt School developed “Critical Theory” as both a diagnosis of civilizational collapse and a desperate attempt to rescue the emancipatory potential of modernity from its own self-destructive tendencies. Through analysis of the Institute’s foundational texts, interdisciplinary methodology, and key figures—particularly Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, and Walter Benjamin—this article demonstrates how their unique synthesis of Marx, Freud, and Weber generated a radical critique of both capitalism and Soviet communism…
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Abstract: This article examines Bertolt Brecht’s development of Epic Theatre as the most politically engaged and formally radical artistic project of the Weimar Republic, arguing that it constituted a systematic assault on the ideological foundations of bourgeois society. It posits that Brecht’s theory and practice—centered on the Verfremdungseffekt (alienation effect)—represented not merely an alternative theatrical style but a comprehensive philosophical and political program designed to transform audiences from passive spectators into critical, historically conscious agents of change. Through analysis of Brecht’s key theoretical writings, his collaborative partnerships with Kurt Weill and Erwin Piscator, and his seminal works The Threepenny Opera…