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Introduction: What Changed Since July? In mid-July 2025, a coalition of over 30 states met in Bogotá under the auspices of the “Hague Group” to issue what its organizers called “concrete measures” against Israel’s operations in Gaza. They framed this as a turning point: no longer merely verbal condemnation, but a coordinated attempt to enforce international law, restrict arms flows, and assert that no state is above accountability. Since then, a number of developments have added urgency, clarified the shape of the coalition, and revealed both its potential and its fragilities. In October, the Israeli interception of an aid flotilla…