The Rwandan genocide lasted for approximately three months and can be thought of as an explosion of mass violence across the Hutu population. The number—800,000 to 1,000,000 men, women, and children killed in approximately 100 days—is so staggering as to become almost abstract. To understand the Rwandan genocide, one must move beyond the numbers and into the chronology of the horror, a day-by-day, hour-by-hour descent into a hell meticulously planned and executed with a brutal efficiency that shocked the world. This was not a spontaneous outburst of “ancient tribal hatred”; it was a modern, bureaucratically administered extermination campaign, and its timeline reveals a great deal about the mechanics of mass murder.
The genocide had a clear beginning, a terrifyingly systematic middle, and a definitive end. It was launched by a precise trigger, facilitated by a pre-established network of control, and sustained by a machinery of propaganda and militia violence that reached into every hill, every village, every neighbourhood. To trace its chronology is to bear witness to the unravelling of a society and to understand how the impossible became, for one hundred days, terrifyingly routine.
The Trigger: The Night the Plane Fell (April 6, 1994)
The fuse was lit at approximately 8:20 PM on April 6, 1994. A surface-to-air missile streaked through the dark Kigali sky, striking the Falcon 50 jet carrying Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira, the President of Burundi, as it prepared to land. Both presidents were killed instantly. The question of who fired the missile remains one of the great, contentious mysteries of the conflict, with theories pointing to Hutu extremists fearing Habyarimana’s commitment to the power-sharing Arusha AccordsArusha Accords Full Description:A set of peace agreements signed between the Rwandan government and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). Intended to end the civil war through power-sharing and the integration of the armies, it never fully came into effect. The Arusha Accords were the international community’s attempt to impose a liberal democratic solution on a deep-seated structural conflict. The agreement stripped the ruling Hutu elite of their absolute monopoly on power, reducing the president’s authority and integrating Tutsi rebels into the military. Critical Perspective:Critically, the signing of these accords acted as the catalyst for the genocide. For the Hutu Power extremists within the deep state, the accords were a “suicide note” and a betrayal. Fearing the loss of their privileges and protection, they concluded that political cohabitation was impossible and that the “final solution” was the only way to retain power. It illustrates the danger of peace agreements that address political mechanics without resolving the underlying security dilemmas of the elites., or to the Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF).
Whoever was responsible, the extremist akazu clique knew exactly how to use the event. Within an hour, the Presidential Guard, together with members of the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi militias, set up roadblocks across Kigali. They were armed with lists of names and addresses. The killings began that night. The first targets were moderate Hutu politicians and prominent Tutsi figures who could have opposed the extremist takeover. Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana, a moderate Hutu, was brutally murdered by presidential guards on the morning of April 7, along with the ten Belgian UN peacekeepers tasked with protecting her. This latter act was a deliberate strategy to force a Belgian—and therefore Western—withdrawal.
The First Phase: Seizing the State and Isolating the Prey (April 7 – Mid-April)
The initial days were characterized by the extremists’ consolidation of power and the systematic isolation of the Tutsi population.
· The Takeover: An interim “government” was established on April 9, dominated by the most virulent Hutu PowerHutu Power Full Description:
A supremacist political ideology that asserted the inherent entitlement of the Hutu majority to rule over the Tutsi minority. It framed the Tutsi population not as fellow citizens, but as a foreign, feudal race of oppressors that needed to be eliminated for the “majority” to be free. Hutu Power was the ideological engine of the genocide. It appropriated the language of democracy (“majority rule”) and twisted it into a justification for totalitarianism. Propagated through media outlets like Kangura magazine and radio stations, it published the “Hutu Ten Commandments,” which criminalized social or economic interaction with Tutsis.
Critical Perspective:Critically, this ideology was not an expression of “ancient tribal hatred,” but a modern political phenomenon mirroring European fascism. It was cultivated by the political elite to maintain power in the face of democratization. By framing the conflict as a struggle for survival against a “Hamitic invader,” the state manipulated the population into viewing mass murder as an act of civic duty and self-defense. figures from the MRND and CDR parties. This gave a veneer of state legitimacy to the slaughter.
· The Propaganda Machine Springs to Life: Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) became the central nervous system of the genocide. It broadcast a constant stream of instructions, naming individuals to be hunted, denouncing “accomplices” (ibyitso), and directing militias to specific locations. It dehumanized Tutsis as “cockroaches” (inyenzi) and urged the Hutu population to “clear the bushes” and “do their work.”
· The Weaponisation of Authority: The state apparatus was fully mobilised. Government officials, backed by the gendarmerie (national police) and military (FAR), organized the killings at a local level. The pre-existing administrative structure, from the prefecture down to the cellule, was perverted into a genocidal chain of command.
· The International Retreat: The murder of the ten Belgian peacekeepers achieved its goal. Belgium announced the withdrawal of its entire contingent from the UN mission (UNAMIR). Other nations followed, and the UN Security CouncilSecurity Council Full Description:The Security Council is the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions and authorize military force. While the General Assembly includes all nations, real power is concentrated here. The council is dominated by the “Permanent Five” (P5), reflecting the military victors of the last major global conflict rather than current geopolitical realities or democratic representation.
Critical Perspective:Critics argue the Security Council renders the UN undemocratic by design. It creates a two-tiered system of sovereignty: the Permanent Five are effectively above the law, able to shield themselves and their allies from scrutiny, while the rest of the world is subject to the Council’s enforcement., in a catastrophic failure, voted to reduce UNAMIR to a skeletal force of 270 men. The world was leaving, and the génocidaires knew it.
The Killing Escalates: The Machinery of Death (Mid-April – Late May)
With the state secured and the world gone, the genocide moved into its most intensive and horrifying phase. The violence spread from the cities into the countryside, reaching a terrifying, industrial scale.
· Militia Mobilisation: The Interahamwe (“Those Who Attack Together”) and Impuzamugambi (“Those With A Single Goal”) militias, which had been trained and armed for this moment, were unleashed. They were joined by ordinary citizens, coerced or incited by propaganda and peer pressure. The promise of loot—land, cattle, belongings—was a powerful motivator.
· The Sanctity of Sanctuary Betrayed: Tutsis, seeking safety, gathered in churches, schools, and stadiums—places that had traditionally offered sanctuary. These became sites of some of the worst massacres. At the Nyarubuye Church, thousands were killed with machetes, clubs, and grenades. At the Nyamata Church, over 10,000 were slaughtered. The betrayal of these sacred spaces was a deliberate tactic to destroy hope and demonstrate the omnipotence of the killers.
· The Banal Tools of Horror: The primary weapon was the machete (panga), a common agricultural tool. This was not a high-tech genocide; it was intimate, face-to-face, and physically exhausting for the killers. It required a dehumanization so profound that neighbours could hack their neighbours to death. Grenades and guns were used to break down doors and create panic, but the final act was most often performed with the machete.
· The Role of RTLM: The radio’s role evolved from incitement to direct coordination. Broadcasts would announce, “The graves are not yet full,” or direct killers to specific areas: “There is a group of Tutsis hiding in the forest near… Go and finish them off.”
The RPF Advance and the “French Zone” (June – July 4)
While the genocide raged, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), which had maintained its forces in the north, launched a major military offensive. Their initial goal was to break the genocidal government and secure territory, but as the scale of the killings became clear, their advance turned into a desperate rescue mission.
The RPF moved methodically south, fighting the FAR and creating safe zones for survivors. Their progress, however, had a paradoxical and tragic consequence: it pushed masses of génocidaires and terrified Hutu civilians, fed lies about RPF reprisals, westward towards the French border.
In late June, France launched “Opération Turquoise,” a UN-mandated “humanitarian” mission. While it did save some lives in the chaotic southwest, it was critically flawed. It created a “Safe Humanitarian Zone” that, de facto, allowed the genocidal interim government, the FAR, and the militias to retreat, reorganise, and ultimately escape into Zaire (now DR Congo). For many Tutsis still trapped within the zone, the French soldiers arrived too late or were unable to protect them from the killers who moved freely within the same area.
The End and the Aftermath (Early July)
The RPF offensive culminated in the capture of Kigali on July 4. Days later, they secured the last major government strongholds, effectively ending the genocide and the civil war in one stroke. On July 18, the RPF declared a ceasefire and announced the formation of a broad-based government.
The silence that fell over Rwanda was deafening. The country was a graveyard. Corpses littered the roads and filled the churches. An estimated two million Hutus, a mixture of génocidaires and civilians fearing RPF reprisals, had fled into neighbouring Zaire, Tanzania, and Burundi, creating a massive humanitarian crisis. The nation was eviscerated, its social fabric torn to shreds, its population traumatized beyond measure.
Conclusion: The Chronology of Complicity
The chronology of the 100 days reveals a simple, horrifying truth: the genocide was a success. It achieved its goal of attempting to exterminate the Tutsi population of Rwanda. It was not stopped by the nation’s institutions, which were complicit. It was not stopped by its churches, which became slaughterhouses. It was not stopped by its neighbours or the wider international community, which exhibited a catastrophic failure of will.
The timeline shows a planned, coordinated, and executed campaign of extermination. From the first roadblocks on the night of April 6 to the final massacres in the southwest in mid-July, the genocide followed a clear, if chaotic, logic. To study its chronology is to understand that this was not anarchy, but a perverse form of order—the order of the mass grave. It stands as the darkest of warnings about the speed with which civilization can collapse when hatred is weaponized by the state and the world decides to look away.
Further Reading:
· Des Forges, Alison. “Leave None to Tell the Story”: Genocide in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch, 1999. (The most detailed chronological and factual account of the genocide).
· Dallaire, Roméo. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda. Random House Canada, 2003. (The essential day-by-day account from the UNAMIR force commander).
· Gourevitch, Philip. We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1998. (A powerful journalistic account that weaves personal stories into the broader chronology).
· Hatzfeld, Jean. Life Laid Bare: The Survivors in Rwanda Speak. Other Press, 2006. (A chilling oral history from Tutsi survivors, providing a ground-level view of the 100 days).
· Melvern, Linda. A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Genocide. Zed Books, 2000. (A meticulous documentation of the international response and failure).
· African Rights. Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defiance. African Rights, 1995. (An early and comprehensive report compiled during and immediately after the genocide).
· Prunier, Gérard. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide. Columbia University Press, 1995. (Provides the crucial political and military context for the events of 1994).
Leave a Reply