By the 1930s–40s, the All-India Muslim League (AIML) under Muhammad Ali Jinnah claimed to represent all of British India’s Muslims, even demanding a separate state (Pakistan) at its 1940 Lahore session. League leaders pointed to electoral successes – for example, winning 87% of all Muslim seats in the 1946 provincial elections – as proof that … Continue reading Who Spoke for India’s Muslims? The Politics of Representation in Late Colonial India