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In the closing years of the Qing dynasty, Chinese nationalists and liberals looked beyond the country’s borders for solutions and for safety. For many reformers and radicals, overseas Chinese communities became lifelines for ideas, money and recruits to overthrow the Manchu regime. Chief among these revolutionaries was Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), later hailed as the “father of modern China.” Sun embodied a new Chinese nationalism shaped by Western education and global connections, and he spent much of 1895–1911 in exile building a worldwide revolutionary network. From Hawaii to Hong Kong, Tokyo to Singapore, and London to Vancouver, Sun organized secret societies…
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Background: Boxer Defeat and Reform Imperative The defeat of the Qing in the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 left the imperial government deeply humiliated and financially crippled. The Boxer ProtocolBoxer Protocol Full Description:The punishing peace treaty signed in 1901 between the Qing Empire and the Eight-Nation Alliance following the defeat of the Boxer Uprising. It imposed a crippling indemnity on China and allowed foreign troops to be stationed in the capital, effectively reducing the Qing government to a vassal of Western powers. The Boxer Protocol was the most humiliating of the unequal treaties. It required China to pay 450 million taels of silver…