Background: Boxer Defeat and Reform Imperative The defeat of the Qing in the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 left the imperial government deeply humiliated and financially crippled. The Boxer Protocol of 1901 imposed huge indemnities and foreign troops in Beijing, exposing the dynasty’s weakness . Empress Dowager Cixi fled the capital and realized that without sweeping … Continue reading The New Policies (1901–1911): The Last Reform Movement of the Qing Dynasty