The creation of Pakistan on August 14, 1947, represents one of the most significant and contentious events in modern history. It was the culmination of a political movement that championed the “Two-Nation Theory,” positing an irreconcilable divide between Hindu and Muslim nations in South Asia. Yet, from its violent inception, the new state was defined … Continue reading The “Idea of Pakistan” vs. The “State of Pakistan”: Reconciling Jinnah’s Contested Vision with Political Reality