From late 1929, Stalin’s government forced most peasant households into kolkhozy—collective farms that were formally cooperative but operated under powerful state direction—and expanded sovkhozy, farms directly owned and operated by the state. “Dekulakisation” brought confiscation, deportation and imprisonment against broadly defined class enemies. The policy sought grain for cities, export and industrialisation while destroying independent … Continue reading Stalin’s Collectivisation and the Soviet Famines, 1930–33